Dyslexia Defined

What is Dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a brain-based learning disorder characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition, poor spelling, and decoding abilities. These challenges are primarily due to a deficit in the phonological component of language and are often unexpected in relation to the individual’s cognitive abilities and the quality of classroom instruction received. Dyslexia is not caused by problems with intelligence, hearing, or vision. People with dyslexia may also struggle with reading comprehension and other language-related skills such as writing and spelling.

Dyslexia is not an illness that can be cured by medicine, however, early assessment and intervention can significantly improve outcomes.

Dyslexia can be hereditary, and specific genetic factors may increase the likelihood of developing the condition.

Effective support, such as specialized education programs and emotional support, is crucial for helping individuals with dyslexia succeed academically and personally.

Dyslexia is the most common language-based learning difficulty and a common cause of failure in school. It occurs across a range of intellectual abilities.   It is best thought of as a continuum, not a distinct category.  Undiagnosed early, individuals with dyslexia may be perceived as lazy, or unmotivated and often function significantly below their potential. Early identification is, therefore, key to early intervention.

A German Neurologist, Adolf Kusmuaul, in 1878 first referred to Dyslexia as “word blindness” In 1887 a German ophthalmologist, Rudolf Berlin, was the first to use the word ‘dyslexia’ in place of word blindness. 

1. It is a genetic-specific learning disorder that runs in families.  It is inherited
2. It is best thought of as a continuum existing from mild to severe
3. It is independent of social and economic factors or intelligence
4. It is not an illness
5. Dyslexia is the most common cause of reading, writing, and spelling difficulty
6. Dyslexia is not overgrown, it is lifelong, however, early identification and appropriate intervention methods can help overcome the difficulties.
7. Dyslexia does not respond to conventional teaching methods, but individuals with dyslexia can achieve and even like reading if taught using a multi-sensory Structured Literacy Method.
8. Dyslexia is not discriminatory; it cuts across people of all economic levels
9. Dyslexia is not uncommon. Between 5-10% of people have dyslexia 
10. Famous dyslexic people include Richard Branson, Will Smith, and Tom Cruise, among others

Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders That can co-occur with Dyslexia

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. 

Non-Verbal Learning Disability (NVLD): 

NVLD is a condition characterized by strong verbal skills but challenges in non-verbal areas such as visual-spatial relationships, motor skills, and social interactions.  Individuals with NVLD may struggle with tasks that involve spatial reasoning and may face difficulties in social situations

Intellectual Disabilities

Intellectual disabilities involve limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviours. These limitations affect an individual’s ability to learn and apply new skills, and they may require ongoing support in various areas of life.